Socialisation - 2063 Words

Socialisation, according to the Collins dictionary of sociological terms, ‘ is a process of learning how to behave according to the expected norms of your culture’, it includes how one learns to live in the way that others expect of them, and helps social interaction by means of give and take of common values, customs, traditions and languages. This is an ongoing process which not only leads to the all round development of an individual, but also cultivates within a person a sense of belonging with regards to family, friends, people and society as a whole. This is emphasized by Parsons and Bales (1955), ‘socialisation, undertaken in the family and elsewhere, involves both integration into society and the differentiation of one individual†¦show more content†¦Locke argued that all ideas came from experience. The debate over nature versus nurture could be spanned back to when philosophy was predominantly the way of explaining the acquisition of knowledge and continues in more recent times with scientific evidence consisting of facts and numbers giving support to one side or the other. Both the recent and historical back and forth between great scholars helps each one individually to come to their own conclusions of whether nature or nurture is the more dominant factor contributing to a person’s knowledge and intelligence. Learned behaviour is the result of experiences through life, nurture rather than nature. An acquired behaviour is the type of attribute which cannot be passed on genetically; the ability to read and write and language are all learnt behaviours. An instance where behaviour is learnt could be when pain is experienced due to a particular course of action; for example, if someone puts their fingers over a small flame and gets burnt, this experience will cause the victim in future to be cautious around fire and they will be much less likely to repeat the action. Throughout history there have been instances, though rare, where children have spent a significant amount of their developmental years in the wild, devoid of human contact. These children were called Feral (meaning wild or existing in a natural state). These cases goes some way in helping to establish what aspects of humanShow MoreRelatedEssay on Discuss the Importance of Socialisation1557 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the import ance of socialisation. Socialisation is defined as â€Å"the process whereby the helpless human infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she was born†. (Giddens, 284). Everybody, man, woman and child goes through the process of socialisation throughout the whole duration of their life not just when an infant. Socialisation or as anthropologists refer to it, enculturation does not end once the child becomes a teenagerRead MoreEducation and Socialisation Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesEducation and Socialisation Sociologists from various schools of thought would generally agree that socialisation plays an important part in shaping people and their roles in society, through institutions like the family, the education and consequently the workplace. Here, we will look specifically at the education system and the notion that schools serve to reinforce social class divisions. There have been many changes made to the structure of the education systemRead MoreGender As A Product Of Socialisation1748 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian sociologist, Connell, has provided theories in order to aid in understanding the way in which gender is manifested and shapes the experience of illness. Her Gender, Health and Theory publication ultimately views gender as a product of socialisation (Connell, 2012). According to Connell, Gender is seen as â€Å"the active social process that brings reproductive bodies into history, generating health consequences not as a side-effect but in the making of gender itself† (Connell, 2012, p.1675). HerRead MorePrimary and Secondary Socialisation1879 Words   |  8 Pageswithin the home, from a personal note I know a number of adults similar age to myself who don’t have the values or beliefs that are intended within the legislation and procedures, and some could say, why should they? This could relate to their own socialisation process When it comes to really challenging young people who discriminate, there has to be boundaries set at home, where parents actively challenge their actions, and until this is the case we can continue to send out letter after letter andRead MoreA Theoretical Perspective On Organisational Socialisation1658 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides a sense of comfort and belonging. Furthermore, it instills confidence to carry out respective roles efficiently. The process by which individuals incorporate themselves into society and into organisations is defined as socialisation (Jablin 2001). Socialisation theories usually focus on paid workers and their experiences within an organisation (Miller 2012). What they fail to consider is that volunteers within an organisation are also equally important and in need of the same guidance andRead MoreAgents Of Socialisation : The Mass Media1120 Words   |  5 PagesAgents of Socialisation : The Mass Media In the present day, the media is incorporated into our daily lives. Every day, through newspapers, radio, television, email, the internet and social media, are we sucked into an electronic world, which changes many of our beliefs and values about how we live our lives. It plays such a large role in almost every person’s life compared to 50 years ago, when the internet did not exist. It effects things such as our political views, tastes in music, views of menRead More Childhood and Socialisation in Australia Essay532 Words   |  3 Pages Socialization is the human process of learning to become a member of our society, and how each individual learns to fit into a group (Jureidini amp; Poole, 2003, p123). Jean Piaget (1896-1980) a Swiss psychologist described childhood and development in terms of distinct psychological stages and how these stages influence socialization and enculturation (see Jureidini amp; Poole, 2003, pp124  ¡V 127). Other important theorists to look at are George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)Read MoreSocialisation After Adolescence Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Summary 1) Adult socialization is a time of learning new roles and statuses. 2) Peer Groups are strong socializing agents for adolescents who are still trying to find their own identity. 3) Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines, music, and the Internet are powerful agents of socialization. 4) The state almost shapes our life cycle. 5) School plays a major role in socializing adolescents. It is a place of education where the individual learns to socialize with both authorityRead MoreMass Media as an Agent of Socialisation1747 Words   |  7 PagesMass media as an agent of Socializations According to the reading, â€Å"Socialization and Culture† from the book â€Å"Interdisciplinary English† by Loretta F. Kasper, Socialization is the process in which a child learns how to behave in life and participate in a group in society. Socialization has four basic/main agents: family, school, peers and the mass media. Each one of these agents plays a role in our lives. However, in my opinion, the most important agent of socialization for the development of theRead MoreMy Culture Has An Impact On My Socialisation Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesMy Culture has an impact on my Socialisation Introduction In order to know my ability in my culture, I need to understand what my cultural awareness is from a personal and professional perspective. Discussed below will explain how my upbringing or socialisation influenced the way I think or behaved, in relation to people that were different to me and how that impacted privilege disadvantage status, in regards to culture. Also, examine how socialisation reinforced a broader social impact and how

Everyday Use Story by Alice Walker Essay - 1442 Words

Everyday Use By Alice Walker (1973) T one- This story , in my opinion, does not possess the warm-hearted, jolly, and happy side of a short story, we’d expect from a title, such as Everyday Use. Instead, this story is a more refreshing realistic tone of life and the harshness it may possess. There is a perfectly adequate amount of crudeness in the story, especially within the lifestyle of these individuals. The tone changes as the story continues on. In the beginning the story has a more worrisome, jealousy, and a want to be accepted feel, especially at the opening when it discusses Maggie and how she is ashamed of her burns, then peering at her sister in envy and awe. Then the mother’s want to be accepted by her daughter, Dee, who†¦show more content†¦P Lot- The family’s daughter/sister is returning to visit her family- consisting of the mama and Maggie. It begins by discussing the history of the family, such as the burns, fire, and their education. Then it continues on till Dee arrived home with her friend. They just met. They all talk about things, such as the name change and the new connection Dee/Wangero has made with her ancestral history. They all sit down to eat dinner together and then the climax rises when the daughter begins to raid the house for things she wants. One thing that Dee wanted to take was a quilt made by Grandma Dee and that really sparked Maggie up causing her to agree to let her sister get what she wanted again. But this time Mama wasn’t going for it. She snatched it out of Dee’s hands and sat it in Maggie’s lap. Then Dee made smart remarks toward Maggie about making something of her own self and it being a new day for them but they wouldn’t know with how she and Mama are. Then she left with her guy friend; Mama and Maggie watched the car dust settle outside and enjoyed snuff till they decided to go to sleep. C haracterization- Mama, in my opinion, is a hard a**. She describes herself as being a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. The mother can wear flannel at night and overalls in the day, and she’s as merciless as a manShow MoreRelatedIn 1973 Alice Walker wrote a short story called Everyday Use. This story is told in first person by800 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1973 Alice Walker wrote a short story called Everyday Use. This story is told in first person by mama and in set in the Deep South. Now, Alice Walker is a very well known name when it comes to writing and acting. She began her life in Eatonton, Georgian and was the youngest of eight children. Her family made their living by sharecropping and she says that, â€Å"It was great fun being cute. But then, one day, it ended.She had an accident with a BB gun and it almost blinded her at the age of eightRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Heritage By Alice Walker1100 Words   |  5 Pagesmost inspiring authors in American history is Alice Walker. Walker is the youngest child in a sharecropper family that found her overly ambitious and highly competitive (Walker 609). This gave her a strong fighting attitude, which allowed her to make positive changes in an extremely racist society. Unfortunately, when she was young, Walker was accidentally shot in her right eye with a BB gun while playing â€Å"Cowboys and Indians.† This accident caused Walker to lose her self-esteem and her captivatingRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar to Alice Walker s short story Everyday Use† both are compared by the women’s ways of showing their strengths and how they identify their values, expressions and strength. Advertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literature forms, a poem and a short story the two authorsRead MoreEveryday Use - the Gift of Family945 Words   |  4 Pages Everyday Use is a short story that teaches a value lesson of heritage, inheritance, the past, and one’s family. For some the lesson maybe perceived as an illustration to develop the natural instinct of valuing our family and our past as objects of everyday use. However, the lesson that Alice Walker conveys to her readers is to understand that the value of heritage is within the eye of the beholder. Within this paper I will explain the strategies; I think the writer uses to convey particularRead Moreâ€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesIn its simplest form, a child is a product of a man and a woman but Alice Walker one of the foremost authors during the twentieth century, adds depth to her black American women by focusing on the role that race and gender played in their development. Family reunions can be times of great anticipation, excitement and happiness but for Dee, a young, beautiful, African American and our leading characte r, it was a reunion with underlying, unspoken tensions. Dee was Dee but Dee had changed; a new husbandRead MoreEveryday Use by Alice Walker: A Look at Symbolism and Family Values879 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walkers â€Å"Everyday Use†, is a story about a family of African Americans that are faced with moral issues involving what true inheritance is and who deserves it. Two sisters and two hand stitched quilts become the center of focus for this short story. Walker paints for us the most vivid representation through a third person perspective of family values and how people from the same environment and upbringing can become different types of people. Like most peoples families there is a dynamicRead MoreEssay about Autobiography in the Fiction of Alice Walker1077 Words   |  5 PagesWhen reading Alice Walker’s â€Å"The Color Purple† and â€Å"Everyday Use,† it is evident that she writes about her life through her use of allegory. Alice Walker uses the events of her childhood, her observation of the patriarchy in African American culture, and her rebellion against the society she lived in to recount her life through her stories. Alice Walker grew up in a loving household in the years towards the end of the Great Depression. Although her family was poor, they were rich in kindness andRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, e ducation, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreAlice Walker s Everyday Use906 Words   |  4 PagesCritique of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† Title Often authors use the titles of their writing to portray a part of the story that will eventually come up, or to give an underlying message about what’s going on in the story. In Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use, she uses a title that isn’t blatantly seen within the story, but is explained through different aspects of the dialogue and actions of the characters. Walker could’ve chosen to explain the title more obviously within the story, but insteadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Flowers, By Alice Walker1525 Words   |  7 Pageswas how Alice Walker grew up. She has written stories about her life, and stories that have had an impact on her life based on how she grew up. The two short stories The Flowers and Everyday Use have a common theme of feeling comfortable, safe, and at peace when one is home. Walker uses diction, syntax, and characterization to develop this common theme in her writing. A house is a safe comfortable place where one can feel at peace and in The Flowers and Everyday Use, the author Alice Walker develops

Opinions of the plans for Cuckmere Haven Free Essays

The Cuckmere haven restoration project has received a lot of mixed opinions; some believe it is a great idea and will be sustainable in years to come, others disagree and believe it is a bad decision and will jeopardise the surrounding environment and some aren’t bothered about what happens as it will not effect them. The majority of the people who disagree with the project are locals in the area and are concerned about the possible risk of flooding, damage to the vast wildlife in the area and also the beautiful estuary becoming an eyesore. It is understandable that the local residents are worried as the future management of the estuary will affect them, however, on the day we visited Cuckmere haven, only 8 of 34 people travelled less than 5miles to get there, from this I can see why many other people aren’t concerned about the Cuckmere haven’s future as they won’t be affected by the changes being made, which was made clear on our questionnaire results, as shown below How will the scheme affect you? However, not all the local residents are against the plan as Grace Francis confirms stating, â€Å"We deserve to be fully protected – no-one warned us when we bought the house this would happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Opinions of the plans for Cuckmere Haven or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t know how long we will be able to stay in this property.† Grace wishes for her home to be protected and believes the restoration project will ensure that her property remains safe and will not be affected by rising sea levels and flooding. Colin King – another local resident, believes that by carrying out the restoration project, the beauty of the estuary will be ruined. He claimed, â€Å"Nearly half a million people visit the Cuckmere valley each year. They marvel at the meandering river and will be disappointed to see mudflats.† People who feel strongly about protecting the environment are more likely to be against the scheme, as they believe it could be potentially dangerous for certain wildlife. Others, such as the Sussex Downs Conservation board, believe that the plan is a good option for protecting certain species as it involves connecting the cut-off meander back with the channel. They explained that, â€Å"the meanders do not function naturally and are gradually filling up with silt. In the summer of 2003, the hot weather resulted in the death of large numbers of flatfish, flounder and plaice because the shallow water heated up reducing the oxygen available for the fish to breathe in.† From our questionnaire results, I can see that majority of the people asked visited Cuckmere haven for the beautiful views and scenery, which will be dramatically changed by carrying out the restoration project. David Pearce, local retired resident, supports this argument, stating that, â€Å"this is an iconic place, an essential part of Sussex’s identity. I oppose this proposal†. Overall there are a variety of opinions on whether or not the plan will be a success; the environment agency did consider these points and due to mass dispute, the plan was delayed in 2003. How to cite Opinions of the plans for Cuckmere Haven, Papers

E-Banking in Bangladesh the Future of Banking free essay sample

E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institution, rather than exchange of cash, cheeks or other negotiable instruments. With the expansion of global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and the internet, e-banking is set to play a pivotal role in the national economy, proper software, infrastructure, cyber low and skilled manpower are important for the implementation of e-banking in the country. This paper overview the issues associated with e-banking and try to explore the future challenges and prospect in Bangladesh. Key Words: ATM, SMS banking, EFT, SWIFT channel, POS, Call center, DES, RSA, MAC. Introduction: In a constantly changing world of today, where past is replaced by dynamic present and the dynamic present is being replaced by more challenging future, the old ways of doing things is no longer valid. Change is permanent and a reality. Those who are not able to keep pace with the changes are destined to loose the race. Science and technology is changing the way financial institutions perform their transactions. Today’s banks are shaking by these technological changes. Life has never been so easy, comfortable, and luxurious. Science and technology have brought our life to this stage. But a new technology brings with it not only the potential for success but also a never-ending series of questions regarding its design, its value to its users, ultimate use and acceptability. Assistant Professor, School of Business Studies, State University of Bangladesh 1 E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signal between financial institutions, rather than exchange of cash, checks, or other negotiable instruments. For many consumers, electronic banking means 24 hours access to cash through an ATM or direct deposit of paychecks in to checking and savings accounts. Literature Review With the extensive technology innovation and telecommunication, we have seen new financial distribution channels increasing rapidly both in the numbers and form, from ATMs, telephone banking, PC banking to internet banking. (Earring Wood and Story, 1996). Developing alternative distribution channels is not only important in terms of reducing costs and improving competitiveness, but also in terms of financial institution’s ability to retain the existing customer case. (Kimball and Gregor, 1995) as well as to attract new customers. Sathye (1999) proposed a model for Internet Banking in Australia is significantly influenced by variables of system insecurity, case of use awareness of service and its benefits, reasonable price, availability of infrastructure and resistance to change. The transformation from traditional brick-and-mortar banking to E-Banking has been Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and thus the retail banking industry witnessed significant and extensive change. Formally, E-banking comprises various formats or technologies, including telephone (both land line and cell phone banking, direct bill payment (EFT), and PC or internet banking (Power, 2000). Weitzman, (2000), Lassar, Manolits and Lassar, (2005), Ehou and Chou (2000) identified five basic services associated with online banking: view account balances, and transaction histories, paying bills, transferring funds between accounts, requesting credit card advance, and ordering checks. Majority of banks of banks is planning to introduce ICT for integration of banking service and new finance service, which will play a vital role in bringing efficiency in financial sector (Raihan, 2001). The most commonly factors are ease of use, transaction security, convenience and speediness (Wan, Luk and Chow, 2005). Organization theorists and practioners have defined e-banking in various ways. A Survey of Electronic Banking, Electronic Cash and Internet Gaming (2003), has defined electronic banking as â€Å"an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick and mortar institution†. The following terms all refer to one form or another of electronic banking: personal banking,(pc) virtual banking, on line banking, home Banking, remote electronic banking, and phone banking are the most frequently used designations, (Joris, Claessens, Valentine Dem et. l,2001),on line electronic banking system give every body the opportunity for easy access to their banking activities. These banking activities may include; retrieving an account balance, money transfers 2 (Between a user’s accounts, from user’s account to someone else’s account) retrieving an accounting history. Some banks also allow services such as stock market transactions, and the submission of standardized accounting payment files for bank transfer, to third parties, As technology evolves, different kinds of electronic banking system emerge, each bringing a new dimension to the interaction between user and bank. The ATM is the first well-known system that was introduced to facilitate the access of the user to his banking activities, (M. Rahman, 2003), E-banking is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institution, rather than exchange of cash, checks or other negotiable instruments common wealth bank of Australia, (2006) defined E- banking as â€Å"a range of banking services that utilizes electronic equipment†. Electronic equipments are ATM machine card (plastic), PIN, password, code or net code etc. With the extensive technology innovation and telecommunication. We have seen new financial distribution channels increasing rapidly both in the numbers and form, from ATM’s, telephone banking, PC banking to internet banking. A broad range of financial distribution channels must be available to deliver varying services needs of customers segments (Earring wood and story, 1996). Developing alternative distribution channels is not only important in terms of reducing costs and improving competitiveness but also in terms of a financial institution’s bility to retain the existing customer case (Kimball and Gregor, 1995) as well as to future attract new customers. While the trend within the banking industry is to replace human tellers with self-service distribution channel’s. the strength of customer intentions for usage of human tellers within the next two years support the concept that the branch will still play an instrumental rate in the delivery of services to cust omers in the future. (Greenland,1995; Woodruff, 19*95; Thornton and White, 2000). Sathye (1999) proposed a model for Internet Banking Adoption, which argued that the Intention of Internet Banking in Australia is significantly influenced by variables of system insecurity, case of use awareness of service and its benefits, reasonable price, availability of infrastructure and resistance to charge. The Willis Report (1997 in Sathye, 1999) Stated that the technology must be reasonably priced relative to alternatives for customers to adopt. Otherwise the acceptance of the new technology may not be viable from customer’s stand point. Customers today are more conscious of the expenses associated with the banking as they are generally better informed about alternative option. The total costs incurred in using Internet Banking must be minimal or competitive (Joyawardhena and foley, 2000). Howard and Moore (1982) reported that consumers must be aware of the new brand before adoption. Therefore it is important factor that the boxes have to create awareness on internet banking to the consumers. Adoption means acceptance and continued use of a 3 product, service and idea. Customers go through a process of knowledge, persuasion, decision and confirmation before they adopt the product or services. Offer the internet banking; the greater the awareness level among customers and therefore the higher will be internet banking adoption. Besides awareness, the service provided by the banks should be perceived to be innovative with high quality and user friendliness to meet an individual’s expectation. Cooper (1997) reported that case of use of innovation product or service as one of the three important characteristics for adoption from the customer’s perspective. This is related to user friendliness and ease of navigation as well as simple institutions to use the service. E-banking is the waves of the future. It provides enormous benefits to consumers in terms of case and cost of transactions, either through internet, telephone or other electronic delivery channels (Nsouli and Schaechter, 2002) E-banking development would lead to two classes of surviving banks, which are very large banks and small niche ones (Dewan and Seismanm, 2002). Through the E-banking, smaller banks could compete by offering portals to the services offered by larger banks (Holland and Westwood, 2001) with this development, banks could use E-banking to focus an customer need in order to gain the strongest competitive advantage (Wind, 2001). The transformation from traditional brick-and-mortar banking to E-banking has been automatic teller machine (ATM) has the retail banking industry witnessed such significant and extensive change. Formally, E-banking comprises varies formats or technologies, including telephone (both landline and cell phone banking, direct bill payment (EFT), and PC or internet banking (Power, 2000); Weitzman, 2000; Lassar, Manolits and Lassar, (2005), Ehou and Chou (2000) identified five basic services associated with online banking: view account balances, and transaction histories; paying bills, transferring funds between accounts; requesting credit card advanced; and ordering checks. Majority of banks is planning to introduce ICT for integration of banking service and new finance service, which will play a vital role in bragging efficiency in the financial sector (Raihan, 2001). The most commonly factors are ease of use, transaction security, convenience and speediness (Wan, Luk and Chow, 2005). ICT networking has offered a wide range of delivering channel’s in retail banking. Banking institutions need to exploit opportunities that arise from these development and changes to remain competitive. The successful financial institutions in the future will be those that are able to leverage most from the information and communication technology revolution. Increasingly consumers are also demanding more efficient banking services are becoming more discrediting of the power that the technology brings. The winners will be those financial institutions that are able to harness on the Capability of ICT in making strategies decisions in terms of inability leader alignment of business, enhancing 4 organizational capacity and capability, risk management and building better customer relationships CC the rapid pace of advancement. A survey of electronic cash, electronic banking and internet gaming (2002) reported that the term electronic cash, e-cash or e-money refer to electronic payment schemes that enable consumer to store and redeem financial value. They operate via stored electronic units of value. Paid for in advance by conventional money and representing equivalent units in real currency, these funds can be transferred between vendors and individuals using compatible electronic system, in some cases consumers report to banks or other financial intimidators. E-cash (e-money) comes in two forms: smart card e-cash and computer e-cash Major Research Questions Q1. What is the present (April, 2009) status of e-banking in Bangladesh? Q2. What are various forms of E-banking available in Bangladesh? Q3. What are the differences between e-commerce and e-banking? Q4. What are the operational issues of E-banking in Bangladesh? Q5. How much secure is the E-banking in Bangladesh? Q6. Where is E-banking going in Bangladesh? Objectives of the Study The following are the major objectives of this study: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) To examine the present (April, 2009) status of E-banking in Bangladesh. To identify various forms of E-banking available in Bangladesh. To trace out similarities and differences between E-commerce and E-banking. To examine the three factor authentication for E-banking in Bangladesh. To provide guidelines how can we assure the highest standards of security to combine with maximum flexibility? To identify the future challenges posed by the E-banking in Bangladesh. A few recommendations on the policy issues regarding E-banking in Bangladesh. Methodology of the Study Both primary and secondary data collection methods are applied for this study purpose. I have collected data through check list, interview with the head of IT and from some published sources. This research is basically exploratory and descriptive in nature. Limitations of the study 5 a) b) c) d) We have not focused on various modes of E-banking. We have not made comparison with banking practice around the world. We have not provided insight for security in e-banking system. We have not focused on the critical issues on security in e-banking. What is E-Banking? The following chart exhibits the definition of E-Banking. E-Commerce E-Finance E-Money E-Banking ATM Services Any branch banking Internet Banking Virtual Banking SMS banking Wireless Application Protocols Telephone Banking Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) SWIFT Channel Other electronic delivery channels Other on line Financial Services and Products E-Commerce: The Phenomenon of Electronic Commerce has permeated into every aspect of our life today. Electronic Commerce has been around for the last two decades in some form or the other, but the new force that is driving Electronic Commerce is the Internet, which is revolutionizing the way companies around the globe conduct business. Internet based electronic commerce is playing a critical role in addressing strategic, mission critical business needs of the companies and hence the companies are making it an integral part of their business strategies. 6 Globally, according to a survey conducted by IDC, currently the electronic commerce over the Internet is some $26 billion, while it is expected to reach about $1. 5 trillion by 2008-09. These mind boggling, figures are sufficient for any sane individual, even vaguely connected to industry, trade or commerce, to understand the potentially radical influence that E-commerce is having on human society. All this is due to the Internet, a simple network of networks of computers across the globe, linked through various means: cable, satellite, telephone lines etc. based on the TCP/IP protocol. This network has not only altered the way we conduct trade and commerce, but also fundamentally altered the way we communicate, the way we live and to some extent, the way we think. Simply, E-commerce is buying and selling on electronic networks, predominantly the Internet. This could involve trade of tangible goods/services similar to traditional commerce, or intangible items like music, information and involving digital transfer etc. The World Trade Organization (WTO) distinguishes six main instruments of electronic commerce: The Telephone, the fax, the television, Electronic payment and money transfer systems, Electronic Data Interchange, and The Internet. Though the telephone, fax, TV and EDI have been in existence for some time, but when people talk of E-commerce, they usually refer to Internet Business, wherein goods or services are traded on the net. Fundamentally, there are two types of electronic commerce – 1. Business to Business electronic commerce (B2B), and 2. Business to Consumer electronic commerce (B2C) B2B E-commerce is today about 80% of total E-commerce in the world, due to its advantages like: reduced transaction costs, improved product quality , improved service, minimal investment for global reach, reduced inventory costs etc. B2C or retail E-commerce is nowhere near B2B in terms of size but it is growing phenomenally as far as volumes are concerned. More and more people are taking to shopping on the Internet due to the following factors: Convenience, More choice, more range, Better prices, etc. DRIVERS OF E-COMMERCE The following broad themes have been identified as the driving forces for the phenomenal growth of E-commerce globally: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Electronic Commerce is easy and affordable Electronic Commerce transforms the market place Electronic Commerce has a catalytic effect Enhanced customer service Electronic commerce over the Internet vastly increases interactivity in the economy Openness is the underlying technical and philosophical tenet of the expansion of Ecommerce 7 (vii) Electronic commerce alters the relative importance of time E-Money E-money includes electronic debit and credit system, smart card. The smart card has been defined many ways, but is generally defined as â€Å"portable data storage device with intelligence (chip memory) and provision for identity and security. † In their simplest forms, these cards are small microcomputers—lacking only external power supply, displays, and keyboards. One of the most widely tested stored value cards offered by Mondex, has an electric wallet, available as an optional accessory, with both of these peripheral devices. The microprocessor chip in a stored –value card is specialized and custom-designed, generally with specific patented control and production circuits. Certain data, primarily related to the security of the card, can be entered only at the time of manufacture. In addition to a microprocessor each card generally has several kilobytes of permanent memory, both rewritable and non-rewriteable. A new technology brings with it not only the potential for success. But also a neverending series of questions regarding its design, its value to the user, its ultimate use and acceptability. In this paper the term smart cards, stored-value cards and electronic money will be used to denote money in the form of â€Å"value†, whether it is issued in card-based or network-based form. Although there are technical differences the term â€Å"smart card† is generally used interchangeably with stored-value card. There are many questions regarding these new payments devices that need to be answered by the designers, issuers, and regulators of these devices. This innovation has the potential of changing the retail payments arena in a way that has not happened since the advent of the credit card. But at this time it is only potential. Although there has been significant effort made to eliminate paper-based payment transactions, the basic way of handling payments by consumers has not changed. Storedvalue cards may help to make the transition from paper-based payments to electronicallybased payments more likely as these cards incorporate familiar aspects of using money in a way that could prove to be both convenient and acceptable to the public. As money technology has evolved, methods of payment have also changed, but cash still often remains a preferred method of payment by many people. Over the past few decades various media and industry experts have predicted the demise of cash and the advent of 8 the â€Å"cashless† society. However, recent survey results showed that the preferred form of payments by consumers and merchants was still cash. Table 1 presents the results of that survey Preferred Forms of Payments By Consumers Cash 3rd Party Credit Cards (i. e. , Visa) Check Store Credit Cards Debit Cards Others 54. 2% 38. 5% 23. 4% 6. 5% 1. 0% 1. 1% *Percentages will not add to 100%, due to format of questions asked. Table-1: World-wide Preferred forms of Payments The survey, conducted by Ernst Young, showed also that 58% of retailers had a preference for cash transactions. The evidence from this survey is noteworthy, as it is easy to see the vast market potential for a product such as the smart card that is designed to be a replacement primarily for cash transactions. The number of cash purchases far exceeded any other payment method, although their value accounts for less than 20 percent of the value of total consumer transactions on a monthly basis.

Societys Reliance on Technology free essay sample

Earliest technology b. Periods of important technological development c. What does the future hold? 2. Advocates of technology a. Steve Jobs b. Bill Gates useful Technology 3. a. Internet b. Organ transplant c. Mobile phones 4. Outdated Technology a. Video tape b. Analog phones c. TV antenna 5. Examples of Technological Reliance a. Social media b. Medicine c. Transportation systems d. Computers 6. What if technology disappeared? a. Immediate impact b. Long-term solutions Our group has chosen to research the topic Societys Reliance on Technology. Our group members are Matthew Miller, Isaac Scott and Kenny Scott. Since our topic Is Societys Reliance on Technology, it is important to look at the development of technology over history. Technology had to start somewhere, and It will continue to evolve and advance, so these will be important sub-topics to look into. Not only did technology have Its origins, there were Individuals who advocated and supported Its development. Two key figures in the technological frontier were Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. We will write a custom essay sample on Societys Reliance on Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will take a look at some of the stances they took in pushing technology forward. Isaac Scott will be covering these two sections. In handling the aspect of reliance, there are two facets of technology that must be analyzed: useful technology that Is essential to our everyday lives and outdated technology which had Its purpose at one point in time but is no longer useful. Matthew Miller will be exploring these two facets of technology. Once we have explored those two sub-topics, it is now necessary to explore the reliance part of our overall topic. Where do we as a society place the most emphasis on technology? Is it possible to survive without these tOf6 technology disappeared? Could we survive as a society? What would we need to do to establish a successful future without technology? Kenny Scott will explore these important issues. In order to evaluate societys reliance on technology, we must first look back to where technology came from. Once we determine where it came from, we can track its evolution over the last several centuries. The earliest record of invented technology is dated around 2400 B. C. It was around this century that the abacus was first introduced in ancient Babylonia. The abacus was one of the first calculators introduced to man. Several centuries later, in 300 B. C. , Pingala invented the binary number system . Just before the turn of the millennium in 87 B. C. , the first device to track galactic movements is invented and named the Antikythera Mechanism. As the world moved out of the B. C. era, the world of technology would begin to advance at a much more rapid pace. Liang Ling-Can invented the first truly mechanical clock in 724. One of the most significant inventions of all time, the movable printing press, was introduced in China sometime in the early 1000s. In order to counter the biological effect of deteriorating eyesight, the earliest eyeglasses ere introduced in the late 1200s. Johann Gutenberg would improve upon the Chinese movable printing press model with a new version that included the ability to organize the type alphabetically. One of the greatest inventors in our history, Leonardo Da Vinci, would become notable around the 1500s for his many technological revelations. Galileo would also become quite famous for many of his inventions, including the pendulum, the thermometer and the microscope. Other inventions continued to make their appearance during the Renaissance era, such as he telescope and adding machines, but the next serious step in the evolution of technology took place around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution saw the transition from rural, farm life to urban, factory settings. The steam engine was introduced around the eighteenth century. This invention would revolutionize the industrial setting as well as transportation across land and water. Benjamin Franklin made significant contributions with his use of the lightning rod and the stove. Steam power began to make a more immediate impact in factories and mills towards the late 1700s. Another significant invention to come out of the Industrial Revolution was the cotton gin. The field of medicine saw breakthroughs when vaccinations were introduced in 1798 and nitrous oxide a year later. Transportation took a leap forward with the inventions of the steamboat and the locomotive, and later the steam locomotive. Computers are an everyday necessity in our lives now, but they had to start out somewhere. One of the first computers introduced was in 1822 by Charles Babbage.

Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution The steam engine, either used on its own or as part of a train, is the iconic invention of the industrial revolution. Experiments in the seventeenth century turned, by the middle of the nineteenth, into a technology which powered huge factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network. Industrial Power Pre 1750 Before 1750, the traditional arbitrary starting date for the industrial revolution, the majority of British and European industries were traditional and relied on water as the main power source. This was a well-established technology, using streams and waterwheels, and was both proven and widely available in the British landscape. There were major problems because you had to be near suitable water, which could lead you to isolated places, and it tended to freeze or dry up. On the other hand, it was cheap. Water was also vital for transport, with rivers and coastal trade. Animals were also used for both power and transport, but these were expensive to run because of their food and care. For rapid industrialization to take place, alternative sources of power were needed. The Development of Steam People had experimented with steam-powered engines in the seventeenth century as a solution to power problems, and in 1698 Thomas Savery invented his ‘Machine for Raising Water by Fire’. Used in Cornish tin mines, this pumped water with a simple up and down motion that had only limited use and couldn’t be applied to machinery. It also had a tendency to explode, and steam development was held back by the patent, Savery held for thirty-five years. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a different type of engine and bypassed the patents. This was first used in Staffordshire coal mines, had most of the old limitations and was expensive to run, but had the distinct advantage of not blowing up. In the second half of the eighteenth century came inventor James Watt, a man who built on the development of others and became a major contributor to steam technology. In 1763 Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen’s engine which saved fuel; during this period he was working with people involved in the iron-producing industry. Then Watt teamed up with a former toy manufacturer who had changed profession. In 1781 Watt, former toy man Boulton and Murdoch built the ‘rotary action steam engine’. This was the major breakthrough because it could be used to power machinery, and in 1788 a centrifugal governor was fitted to keep the engine running at an even speed. Now there was an alternative power source for the wider industry and after 1800 the mass production of steam engines began. Considering steams reputation in a revolution which is traditionally said to run from 1750, steam was relatively slow to be adopted. A lot of industrialization had already taken place before steam power was in major use, and a lot had grown and improved without it. The cost was initially one-factor holding engines back, as industrialists used other sources of power to keep start-up costs down and avoid major risks. Some industrialists had a conservative attitude which only slowly turned to steam. Perhaps more importantly, the first steam engines were inefficient, using a lot of coal and needed large-scale production facilities to work properly, while much industry was small scale. It took time (until the 1830s/40s) for coal prices to fall and industry to become large enough to need more power. The Effects of Steam on Textiles The textile industry had used many different sources of power, from water to human in the many laborers of the domestic system. The first factory had been built at the start of the eighteenth century and used water power because at the time textiles could be produced with only a small amount of power. Expansion took the form of expanding over more rivers for the waterwheels. When steam-powered machinery became possible c. 1780, textiles were initially slow to adopt the technology, as it was expensive and required a high starting cost and caused trouble. However, over time the costs of steam fell and use grew. Water and steam power became even in 1820, and by 1830 steam was well ahead, producing a large increase in the productivity of the textile industry as new factories were created. The Effects on Coal and Iron The coal, iron and steel industries mutually stimulated each other during the revolution. There was an obvious need for coal to power steam engines, but these engines also allowed for deeper mines and greater coal production, making the fuel cheaper and steam cheaper, thus producing more demand for coal. The iron industry also benefited. At first, steam was used to pump water back up into reservoirs, but this soon developed and steam was used to power bigger and better blast furnaces, allowing for an increase in iron production. Rotary action steam engines could be linked to other parts of the iron process, and in 1839 the steam hammer was first in use. Steam and iron were linked as early as 1722 when Darby, an iron magnate, and Newcomen worked together to improve the quality of iron for producing steam engines. Better iron meant more precision engineering for steam. More on coal and iron. The Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine might be the icon of the industrial revolution, but how important was it in this first industrial stage? Historians like Deane have said the engine had little impact at first, as it was only applicable to large-scale industrial processes and until 1830 the majority were small scale. She agrees that some industries used it, such as iron and coal, but that the capital outlay only became worthwhile for the majority after 1830 because of delays in producing viable engines, high costs at the start, and the ease with which manual labor can be hired and fired compared to a steam engine. Peter Mathias argues much the same thing but stresses that steam should still be considered one of the key advances of the industrial revolution, one which occurred near the end, initiating a second steam-driven phase.

Define marketing in your own words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Define marketing in your own words - Essay Example For example, a bowling ball manufacturer creates a ball made with special materials which are far superior to the more traditional ball but it costs twice as much to produce. The manufacturer must complete market research to ensure that bowlers will not only like but also have the ability to buy it. In addition, the best method by which to advertise the product must be determined, a very complex issue. How much to budget, where to advertise so that the end user is most likely to encounter the ad and how to quickly entice that customer into having an interest are all difficult decisions to make (â€Å"Finally†, 2005). Marketing, in some form, seems to impact almost all of peoples’ purchasing decision. A good example involved a computer ad on television for a laptop that gave no specifications, cost or even showed the product clearly. However, the ad was very entertaining and played a couple of times during a show which caught the watcher’s attention and therefore the potential customers remembered it. During the next few days and weeks, on this the same show, this product was advertised in much the same way but with slightly differing but still mildly entertaining storylines, at least enough to keep the audiences’ attention for 30 seconds. Since the ad gave little information about the product but was entertaining, people were predictably inclined to research it and learn that it was both practical and afford as well. The customers quickly learned that their efforts were well worth the investment of time and money but what entices them enough to dig for more facts? Normally, people want all the information about their purchase included in the ad. They want to know what’s in that taco supreme or what price is the car and how many miles are on it right there in front of them. They don’t wish to have their time wasted. However,

Leadership in healthcare practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in healthcare practice - Essay Example This essay Leadership in healthcare practice discusses that developing skills and determination for goal achievements must be a priority in career development. Leadership is a crucial aspect of healthcare practice that has a direct implication into planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and budgeting for both the human resources and other working aids within a health care delivery facility. It is important to acquire leadership skills in a nursing training course, as it forms a basis for enabling cooperation and collaboration with other health care personnel to improve health care quality. Analysis of leadership presented in this paper encompasses on a personal reflection on the person’s leadership abilities based on the five elements of leadership ie, vision, communication skills, change, stewardship, and developing and renewing followers. I believe I possess the best communication skills in relation to my peers. Growing up as a child, I came to learn of the importance of listening as a tool for the development of communication. I thus have a strength with my listening skills that enables me to acquire concrete information and ideas that can be effectively presented to others. However, being timid is my most weakness in relation to communication skills. In as much as I can maintain a concrete communication and presentation to a tiny audience, I find it cumbersome to speak to a large audience or a meeting and a forum, thus making me not to be as articulate as when talking to a small group.

The Boeing Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Boeing Company - Assignment Example The customers of Boeing Company are mainly the famous and established airlines and most of the country airways having their operations going globally (Yennev 2010). These airlines include United Air Lines, Caribbean Airlines, Delta Airlines, Canadian Pacific Airlines and other major airlines, other major customers include the various country Airways. Boeing Defense, Space and Security main customers are United States Air Force, Air France, and other governments’ mainly military jets and airplanes (Yennev 2010). The order qualifiers of this company is that it is a multinational company and has a consolidated financial base overcoming the capital and financial barriers having a number of manufacturing and assembly plants in the major countries globally another major qualifier is that the airplane manufacturing and aerospace aviation industry is less competitive with only a few firms (Russell 2005). The order winners of Boeing Company is a better marketing policies that has edged out its major competitors Airbus Company which involves effective market segmentation of its customers on geographical locations. It is also important to note that the company has an effective positioning and targeting strategies where the company has developed airplanes basing on the distance and capacity to suit the customer’s preference and needs (Russell 2005). Existing problem There are some problems that Boeing company faces currently which include: managerial problems where it is ridged semi-autocratic management style in which the employers and top management make decisions without involving employees which negatively impacts on the development of new operations and management designs that are important to any multinational company thus the need to adopt modern management models (Duane 2009). Secondly is the labour problem mainly affecting production characterized with delayed delivery and this has been greatly attributed by the inexperienced workforce dealing with t he aircraft designs which involves complex operations and advance technologies which is complicated further by the need to adopt new sophisticated manufacturing and production designs considered to be efficient and effective (Yennev 2010). This situation has created more operations management leading to increase in overall cost per plane moreover complains from the major customers thus special inspections are carried out by The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on all the airplanes and jetliners and that the employees motivation has not been taken care resulting into increases inefficiencies in the operations and increased challenges in project management. The airplane and jets commercial market is experiencing a slowdown due to the impacts of terrorism in which the airline industry has been hit harder especially after the 11th Sept there has been low demand and significant reduction in the order number, sales to its major customers mainly the airlines and various other country based airways has significantly reduced. The key problem faced by The Boeing Company can be summarized to be the labour workforce management, operations and the overall effective management of its projects (Duane 2009) Impacts of the problem The above problem has greatly impacted The Boeing Company negatively because of its long term persistence in the

Role Of The Nurse In Safe Administration Of Oral Medication Nursing Essay

Role Of The Nurse In Safe Administration Of Oral Medication Nursing Essay Administration of medicines to adults who are physically ill or injured is part of the adult nurses responsibility to provide holistic care and promote health (Veitch Christie 2007). Medicines are manufactured in several forms and can be administered by different routes. According to the form of the medications there are different requirements and equipment for their administration and storage (Burton and Donaldson 2007). This essay will focus on the administration of oral medicines, the standards and the legal requirements for their safe administration. The essay will also look at areas where problems are most likely to arise and will describe the measures which nurses can take to ensure patients safety when administering oral medicines. The National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) defines patient safety as a process which involves identification, analysis and management of risks and incidents, including medication errors so potential or actual harm to patients can be prevented or minimised. Medication errors have a significant impact on patients, their families and health professionals involved. They can compromise patients safety and result in actual harm to patients. A total of 72,482 medication errors of which 14,111 caused harm of various extents to patients and 37 resulted in death were reported to the NPSA (2009) in one year. The same report showed that nearly half of the incidents were concerned with administration of medicines. Another report by the Department of Health (2004) estimated the cost of medication errors in NHS hospitals between  £200-400 million per year. Therefore it is vital that nurses adopt safe, methodical and skilled approach to administration of medicines. LEGAL The management of all medicines in the United Kingdom is governed by several legislations, the Standards for Medicine Management (2008) and the Standards of conduct, performance and ethics issued by the NMC (2008). The Standards outline the nurses responsibilities in relation to the current UK legislations. Burton Donaldson (2007) summarise these legislations in the latest edition of the Foundations for Nursing Practice. The Medicines Act (1968) regulates the requirements by which medicines are manufactured, prescribed and administered. The Medicines Act (1968) also classifies medicines into four categories which are Prescription only medicines (POMs), Pharmacy only medicines (Ps), General sales medicines (GSLs) and Control drugs (CDs).The Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations (1985) provide the legal framework for the management of the controlled drugs and differentiate medicines according to the level of harm they may cause. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) provides the foundations for care delivery including medicine administration to people who lack the ability to make informed decisions. For Scotland these foundations are contained within The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) and The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act (2000). These regulations are in place to assist and guide nurses and are fundamental in protecting patient safety. Anex1 of the Standards for Medicine Management (NMC 2008) specifies the nurses responsibility to comply with these regulations. However the administration of medication is not solely a mechanistic task to be performed and requires more than just following written instructions (NMC 2004). In respect to oral medicines and their administration the nurse should take a person centred approach and assess and assist each patient individually according to patients general condition. Kelly and Wright (2009) draw attention on the high number of medication administration errors in patients with swallowing difficulties, where physiological abnormalities can lead to difficulties in swallowing of liquids or tablets. Griffith (2005) suggests that alternative form of medicines should be considered if patients have difficulties swallowing tablets. The nurses responsibility in this respect is to perform the initial and ongoing assessment of patients condition to establish the suitability of certain type of oral medicine and the ability of the patient to take this medicine (NMC 2008). Physical or mental health conditions could also have an impact on the medication compliance by patients leading to crushing, mixing or disguising medicines in food or drink (Kelly Wright 2009). The Department of Health (2010) and The National Prescribing Centre (2010) outline the parameters and principles for safe mixing of medicines and the nurses role in this relation. Following these principles when nurses consider mixing of medicines they should always act in line with local policies, consult a pharmacist and obtain written instructions and also obtain consent from patients. Crushing and mixing of medicines without a careful assessment and justification could present safety risks for patients and nurses (Paparella 2010) because of their chemical formulations. Examples of these are the enteric coated tablets, slow released formulations and products containing carcinogenic substances. Crushing or splitting of these medicines may lead to undesirable effects for example unintended rapid absorption. Griffith (2005) points out the legal consequences of crushing tablets. If crushing of oral formulation results in harm for the patient the nurse responsible will be liable for negligence. Paparella (2010) suggests simple steps such as careful consideration whether a tablet is safe to crush and consultations with pharmacist could significantly minimise the risk for patients and nurses. It is also essential that nurses have a sufficient level of knowledge of how medicines interact with the human body in order to be able to observe if they achieve the desired therape utic effect and to avoid any adverse reactions (NMC 2008). Covert administration of medicines represents not only safety risks to patients but also has legal and ethical aspects which nurses have to consider before making a decision for such action (Griffith 2007). Although most of the nurses do not prescribe medicines it has been found that the administration of a wrong dose of medicine causes the largest number of deaths and serious harm to patients, followed by the administration of wrong medicine and omitted or delayed medicine (NPSA 2009). Subsequently, administering wrong dose of medicines has been linked to poor mathematical skills (Pentin Smith 2010). The nurses responsibility in connection with administering correct doses of oral medicines is outlined in the Standards for medicine administration (NMC 2008) which states the nurses must be aware of the patients care plan, check prescription and dosage before administering medicines. Administering of a wrong oral medicine is often associated with similar medicine or patient names, packaging, labelling or poor storage systems (NPSA 2009). This is particularly common issue in nursing and care homes where no wrist bands for identification are used (Pountney 2010). CONCLUSION Safe administration of medicines requires a methodical approach that follows local policies (Burton,C Donaldson,J 2007).

Roman Architecture :: essays research papers

The Romans gained much of their engineering skill from the Etruscans and drew on Etruscan and Asian models for the semicircular arch. From them, the Romans learned the use of the keystone arch, which enabled them to build extremely strong and durable structures. Many of these engineering and architectural projects are still standing. Some are still in use after two thousand years like this bridge in Spain. Early Roman architects were influenced by Greek post-and-lintel construction. But the Greek design was limited in its capabilities to span large distances and being able to bear heavy loads while not falling down of its own weight. Post and lintel construction comprises a flat piece of stone bridging a space between two upright supports. Post and lintel supports have a flaw. When a heavy weight is placed on the middle of the span too much stress may be put on the stone and it can break in the middle. The Romans solved this problem by using a type of construction called voussoir arch with keystone. The engineering principle of the arch is quite simple. The circle is the strongest structural shape. The arch is just half of this perfect form. To create a voussoir arch, tapered stone blocks were cut then arranged like the diagram at the right. It was then stood up on its ends. The ends rested on piers made of stone blocks or bricks mortared together with pozzolana cement in the typical Roman arch bridge. The cement was named after a local mountain that the ingredients of the cement came from. The weight of the stone and concrete of the bridge itself compressed the tapered stones together, making the arch an extremely strong structure. During construction, the voussoir's were supported by a temporary wooden frame until the keystone was inserted. The Roman invention of the arch allowed architects to build larger structures than ever before. The extension of the arch idea lead to the development of domes, alcoves, and soffits. The arches and its derivatives were also employed in Triumphal Arches, aqueducts, bridges, houses, theaters, exedra, nynpheum, basilicas, thermal baths and temples.

Parental Involvement, Poverty, and Student Achievement Essay

Current education reform is intended to influence higher student achievement. According to Hanushek (1997), the development of school reform is largely motivated by economic issues. Education reform becomes a meaningful topic on the national agenda when the National Commission on Excellence in Education issued a report, A Nation At Risk (1983). This report focused on the claim that a steady increase in mediocrity had overcome schools which impacted upon the economic competitiveness of the country. One example of this competitiveness was when the Soviet Union 1957 launched Sputnik. It was concluded that declines in educational performance were in large part the result of inadequacies in the way the educational process was conducted. The findings that follow, selected from a much more extensive list, reflect four important aspects of the educational process: content, expectations, time, and teaching. The United States government responded by beginning reform of how its educational system. As part of this process, all segments, including parent committees, were formed to give attention to the implementation of the recommendations of the report. The report further stated that reform should not only come from students, teachers, school boards, colleges and universities, local, state, and federal officials, teachers’ and administrators’ organizations, but also from parents themselves with interested in and responsibility for educational significance begin with the parent. Moreover, you bear a responsibility to participate actively in your child’s education. You should encourage more diligent study and discourage satisfaction with mediocrity and the attitude that says let it slide, monitor your child’s study; encourage good study habits; encourage your child to take more demanding rather than less demanding courses; nurture your child’s curiosity, creativity, and confidence; and be an active participant in the work of the schools. Above all, exhibit a commitment to continued learning in your own life. Finally, help your children understand that excellence in education cannot be achieved without intellectual and moral integrity coupled with hard work and commitment (p. 26) Henderson and Berla (1994) did extensive research linking parental involvement to student achievement. There are a variety of parenting practices that have been associated with positive student outcomes. Despite this research, Desimone (2001) contends that there is still no clear understanding of how patterns and effects of parental involvement differ across ethnic and income groups. Previous studies have shown that parent involvement patterns vary according to parental social, racial-ethnic, and economic characteristics (Catsambis & Garland, 1997), but the findings have been mixed. Several studies have reported that low income minority parents often have different beliefs about parents’ role in school involvement are less involved in school activities than higher income, non-minority parents (Delgado-Gaitan, 1991; Chavkin & Williams, 1993). Other studies, however, have demonstrated that the level of parent involvement by race-ethnicity (i. e. , Asian, African-American, Hispanic, and white) differs for only a few types of involvement and that minority parents have higher levels of involvement in certain areas than do white parents (Catsambis & Garland, 1997). Previous studies have reported that low-income minority parents often have different beliefs regarding parental roles in school involvement and are less involved (Chavkin & Williams, 1993). Comer and Haynes (1991) have hypothesized that low income and inner city minority students may be more positively affected by certain types of parent involvement than other students. According to them, in order for parental involvement programs to be successful, they need to be focused upon a school improvement process that is designed to create positive relationships that support the total development of children and not the traditional bureaucratic or authoritative school environment which is a less collaborative structure. Other theorists (Devaney, Ellwood, and Love, 1997; Lewit, Terman, & Behrman, 1997) suggests that parental involvement may not be as effective in improving student achievement for low income children as for children from middle class homes. Because the large number of risk factors that impact upon children living in poverty, including health, safety, and housing, the role of parental involvement in schools in explaining academic outcomes for those children may be significantly less than for their peers who do not experience as many negative environment influences. Desimone (2001) suggests that race-ethnicity and other background characteristics can be strong mediators in the effects of various types of parental actions and the impact they have on student achievement. While work in this area is limited, there is little information that compares the effects of multiple forms of parental involvement across several racial/ethnic and income groups. McNeal’s (2001) study investigated the relationships between parent involvement and socioeconomic status. Findings indicated that parental involvement was an important factor in explaining behavioral outcomes (such as truancy and dropping out) but not cognitive outcomes (such as science achievement), with the greatest support for parent child discussion and involvement in parent-teacher organizations. He contends that there have been inconsistencies with the findings linking parental involvement to academic achievement. The contradictions likely were related to one of the following weaknesses in research. The first condition was the use of perception measures by teachers rather than direct reports by students and/or parents. Another was a failure to fully conceptualize parent involvement into its constituent parts. The last was not fully assessing the extent to which parental involvement differently affects academic achievement by social class. The three shortcomings can be improved upon but parent involvement has little effect on student achievement because it is a cognitive outcome and parental involvement affects behavioral outcomes. Reginald Clark’s research shares findings from a body of research on closing achievement gaps in urban school communities (Ferguson, Clark, & Stewart, 2002). In Clark documents the importance of five influential factors for improved students achievement, especially among disadvantages urban students. The first factor is described as the teacher’s expectations and actions in the classroom. The second is amount of students’ weekly participation in high-yield in and out of school activities. High-yield out of school activities include: leisure reading, writing, studying, and participation in community and school clubs or programs, and playing organized sports. High-yield in school activities include participating in classroom lessons as well as structured leisure activities. The third factor is the quality of students’ participation in and out of school activities. The fourth factor is parental beliefs and expectations. The fifth factor is parent-teacher communication. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart, 2002 found that the type and amounts of constructive in school and out of school learning activities contribute to a success-oriented lifestyle. More specifically, Clark found that high achieving activities. Some examples of actions in the classroom include reading, working alone on a lesson, listening to a lecture, solving a problem with classmates, or asking questions. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart, 2002 found that high achievers spent more time during out of school high-yield learning activities than low achievers. Some activities include: weekly time dialoguing with adults, hobby or volunteer activities, or organized sports. Regular study and homework routines, with adult monitoring or support, and reading and writing activities also were seen as practices in the home. Some less structured or unstructured activities include hanging out, playing video games, talking on the telephone, and watching television. Ferguson, Clark and Stewart 2002 found that the beliefs and attitudes of parents had a significant role in student success in becoming competent readers. The analysis of data from parents of 459 students about their expectations for their child’s learning and their perception of whether they had been supported by their child’s teacher showed that students benefit when parents set high standards for their child’s performance in school and feel personally supported by partnerships they have formed with their child’s teacher. Lastly, Clark indicates that parent beliefs are likely to be influenced by parent-teacher communication. In other words, parents may benefits from well-organized teacher-led communications. When teachers take specific actions to cultivate instructional partnerships with parents, those parents are more likely to support their children’s learning at home. Clark’s data showed that students’ scores were higher on the Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment in reading when teachers reported more communication with parents. REFERENCES Bankston, C. L. , & Caldas, S. J. (1998). Family structure, schoolmates, and racial inequalities in school achievement. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 715-723. Braswell. J. S. , Lutkus,A. D. , Grigg,W. S. , Santapau, S. L. , Tay-Lim, B. , & Johnson, M. (2001). Subgroup results for the nation and the states. In The nation’s report card: Mathematics 2000 (pp. 53-181). Washington DC: U. S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics.

Cask of Amontillado

However, in any situation, it would be more beneficial to let the anger go, instead of plotting a huge revenge plan. And what can be scary, is the intellectual people who know what they want and how to achieve that. It's very hard to escape an intelligent persons plan for revenge against you, especially when they are 100% set on seeking their revenge. In Edgar Allan Pope's short story, an idea is conveyed that cunning and sly people, when wronged by others, will use their intelligence to pursue the goal of revenge.! While this story is an entertaining piece of work, it also includes symbols to keep he reader engaged throughout the story.Poe writes with the idea that pride could lead us to do unthinkable things, which can also lead us into becoming too naive and blind toward our own actions. Mentors approaches Fortunate during the carnival. And the carnival can be seen as a symbol for the madness going through Mentor's head. Mentors claims that Fortunate inflicted a â€Å"thousand in juries† on him, and we never really find out what these Injuries were. Perhaps Fortunate TLD even mean to Insult Mentors, but Mentors Just takes Fortune's loopy Ignorance for Insults.Or maybe Fortunate has In fact been inflicting injury on Mentors since days of childhood, and the carnival symbolizes that Mentors has literally gone mad, and he wants to use his knowledge about his previous revenge plots to kill Fortunate. Poe also uses Fortune's clothing as a symbol â€Å"he had on a tight-fitting party-striped dress, and his head was surmounted by the conical cap and bells,† a court Jester or clowns outfit to symbolize that Mentors is to make a fool out of Fortunate and humiliate him to death, and low him to think about his actions as he dies a long, slow death.This Just goes to show how evil and cunning Mentors and his thoughts can be.! To start, in the title including the word â€Å"cask† in it. A cask is a wine barrel, but cask is also a short form for casket, which is a coffin. Therefore, cask figuratively represents Fortune's casket. Fortune's name is also related to irony, because it means â€Å"fortunate† in Italian. This means that he is one of good fortune and luck, however, he about to face his slow and inhumane death.Dramatic irony is occurring when the deader becomes painfully aware of what will become of Fortunate even though the character continues his descent into the catacombs in pursuit of the Amontillado. There are also numerous examples of verbal irony within Mentor's sentences. Mentors expresses concern about Fortune's health, and several times he suggests that they should turn back for fear that Fortune's cough will worsen as a result of the cold and dampness of the catacombs (this is also Mentors using reverse psychology to keep Fortunate wanting to emerge deeper into the catacombs).One of the most memorable lines of the story is given by Mentors in response to Fortunate saying, â€Å"l will not die of a cough. † Mentors says, â€Å"True, true†¦. † Other examples can be seen when Mentors toasts Fortune's long life as well as when he says that he is a mason, but not in the sense that Fortunate means. â€Å"In pace requisites! † (â€Å"Rest in peace! â€Å") is the last bit of irony in the tale. â€Å"In pace† also refers to a very secure monastic prison. Poe uses irony to reveal how Mentors is only masking his true intentions and covers it with sugar-coated-kindness to keepFortunate thinking the two are good friends.! The use of imagery is great in this story, because it helps create multiple tones and moods throughout Mentors and Fortune's walk into the catacombs. When the story is first set in a carnival, the mood is bright and happy with all the flashing lights and smiling people around having a good time. And as the two â€Å"friends† reach farther into the catacombs, it starts to get more dark and musky, setting a more horrid and dark mood. The piles of skeletons represent the death and decline of the noble family over the years.The Motto said meeting about how no one could insult the family and live; these both give a clue both to the history of family pride and insanity, and to hint at the fact that the protagonist is imagining his â€Å"thousand injuries†. It is also thought that the setting of the story represents Mentor's soul, where he appears to be bright and happy on the In conclusion, this story reminds us that when we stop to think about our actions, as Mentors did not, we would realize that violence is never the right answer to solve our problems. Poe uses great literally devices in his story to put more emphasis on the theme of revenge.The type of revenge Mentors sets out is evil and should not have been the way to achieve vengeance, nobody deserves to die because of something they did. It's weird though, how at the end of the story, I felt a sense of accomplishment for Mentors. And I felt k with Fortuna te dying, perhaps this is because of how Fortunate insulted Mentors and it seemed like Mentors had to get revenge to feel that sensation. This makes it even more clear that Mentors uses his sly personality and intellectual behavior to accomplish his plot of revenge on his use to be friend, by burying him alive.

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